Previous studies reported that lateral radiography, ultrasonography, echocardiography might be able to enhance TAR effect when determining UVC tip ( 10). Nowadays, thoraco-abdominal radiography (TAR) is frequently used to confirm the correct UVC position ( 9). Thus, UVC tip position must be verified by effective monitoring technique after its insertion ( 8).
Although the clinical experts can use a formula to identify the appropriate length of UVC ( 7), there is a possibility that the catheter tip might not enter the exact place due to umbilical vascular malformation or various pathologies of the thorax or liver ( 1). The junction of inferior vena cava (IVC) and right atrium (RA) are the best places for UVC tip, with minim complications ( 6).
Some complications were reported for incorrect position of UVC, such as infection, hepatic necrosis, pericardial and pleural effusions, peritoneal fluid collections, thrombosis, embolism, endocarditis, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac tamponade, and pulmonary infarction that can lead to life-threatening complications in 0.2% - 4% of cases ( 5). Nowadays, it is also used to administer medication, fluid and nutrition, and also to measure blood gases, electrolytes and central venous pressure in premature neonates ( 3, 4).
It was first used for blood transfusion in 1947 by Diamond ( 2). The umbilical vein catheterization (UVC) is usually performed in ill or preterm neonates in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) ( 1). Our study suggests that even though echocardiography is as reliable as radiography for early detection of the catheter tip position, it can also avoid complications of catheter malposition quicker than radiography.Ĭatheterization Echocardiography Catheter Position Radiography Umbilical Vein 1.
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